【Go语言数据库开发】Go 中的 Gorm 高级查询

apaas.dev

7 November 2022

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智能选择字段

GORM 允许使用 Select 选择特定字段，如果您经常在应用程序中使用它，也许您想定义一个较小的结构供 API 使用，它可以自动选择特定字段，例如：

type User struct {
  ID     uint
  Name   string
  Age    int
  Gender string
  // hundreds of fields
}

type APIUser struct {
  ID   uint
  Name string
}

// Select `id`, `name` automatically when querying
db.Model(&User{}).Limit(10).Find(&APIUser{})
// SELECT `id`, `name` FROM `users` LIMIT 10

注意 QueryFields 模式将根据当前模型的所有字段名称进行选择

db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{
  QueryFields: true,
})

db.Find(&user)
// SELECT `users`.`name`, `users`.`age`, ... FROM `users` // with this option

// Session Mode
db.Session(&gorm.Session{QueryFields: true}).Find(&user)
// SELECT `users`.`name`, `users`.`age`, ... FROM `users`

锁定（用于更新）

GORM 支持不同类型的锁，例如：

db.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM `users` FOR UPDATE

db.Clauses(clause.Locking{
  Strength: "SHARE",
  Table: clause.Table{Name: clause.CurrentTable},
}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM `users` FOR SHARE OF `users`

db.Clauses(clause.Locking{
  Strength: "UPDATE",
  Options: "NOWAIT",
}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM `users` FOR UPDATE NOWAIT

有关更多详细信息，请参阅原始 SQL 和 SQL 构建器

子查询

子查询可以嵌套在查询中，GORM 可以在使用 *gorm.DB 对象作为参数时生成子查询

db.Where("amount > (?)", db.Table("orders").Select("AVG(amount)")).Find(&orders)
// SELECT * FROM "orders" WHERE amount > (SELECT AVG(amount) FROM "orders");

subQuery := db.Select("AVG(age)").Where("name LIKE ?", "name%").Table("users")
db.Select("AVG(age) as avgage").Group("name").Having("AVG(age) > (?)", subQuery).Find(&results)
// SELECT AVG(age) as avgage FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING AVG(age) > (SELECT AVG(age) FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "name%")

从子查询

GORM 允许您使用 Table 方法在 FROM 子句中使用子查询，例如：

db.Table("(?) as u", db.Model(&User{}).Select("name", "age")).Where("age = ?", 18).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM (SELECT `name`,`age` FROM `users`) as u WHERE `age` = 18

subQuery1 := db.Model(&User{}).Select("name")
subQuery2 := db.Model(&Pet{}).Select("name")
db.Table("(?) as u, (?) as p", subQuery1, subQuery2).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM (SELECT `name` FROM `users`) as u, (SELECT `name` FROM `pets`) as p

分组条件

使用组条件更容易编写复杂的 SQL 查询

db.Where(
  db.Where("pizza = ?", "pepperoni").Where(db.Where("size = ?", "small").Or("size = ?", "medium")),
).Or(
  db.Where("pizza = ?", "hawaiian").Where("size = ?", "xlarge"),
).Find(&Pizza{}).Statement

// SELECT * FROM `pizzas` WHERE (pizza = "pepperoni" AND (size = "small" OR size = "medium")) OR (pizza = "hawaiian" AND size = "xlarge")

IN 多列

选择多列的 IN

db.Where("(name, age, role) IN ?", [][]interface{}{{"jinzhu", 18, "admin"}, {"jinzhu2", 19, "user"}}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE (name, age, role) IN (("jinzhu", 18, "admin"), ("jinzhu 2", 19, "user"));

命名参数

GORM 支持使用 sql.NamedArg 或 map[string]interface{}{} 命名参数，例如：

db.Where("name1 = @name OR name2 = @name", sql.Named("name", "jinzhu")).Find(&user)
// SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name1 = "jinzhu" OR name2 = "jinzhu"

db.Where("name1 = @name OR name2 = @name", map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu"}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name1 = "jinzhu" OR name2 = "jinzhu" ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1

查看 Raw SQL 和 SQL Builder 了解更多详情

Find To Map

GORM允许扫描结果映射到map[string]interface{}或者[]map[string]interface{}，不要忘记指定Model或者Table，例如：

result := map[string]interface{}{}
db.Model(&User{}).First(&result, "id = ?", 1)

var results []map[string]interface{}
db.Table("users").Find(&results)

第一或初始化

获取第一个匹配记录或使用给定条件初始化新实例（仅适用于结构或映射条件）

// User not found, initialize it with give conditions
db.FirstOrInit(&user, User{Name: "non_existing"})
// user -> User{Name: "non_existing"}

// Found user with `name` = `jinzhu`
db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
// user -> User{ID: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18}

// Found user with `name` = `jinzhu`
db.FirstOrInit(&user, map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu"})
// user -> User{ID: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18}

如果未找到记录，则使用更多属性初始化结构，这些属性将不会用于构建 SQL 查询

// User not found, initialize it with give conditions and Attrs
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = 'non_existing' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// User not found, initialize it with give conditions and Attrs
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs("age", 20).FirstOrInit(&user)
// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = 'non_existing' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found user with `name` = `jinzhu`, attributes will be ignored
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// user -> User{ID: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18}

无论是否找到，都为struct分配属性，这些属性不会用于构建SQL查询，最终数据也不会保存到数据库中

// User not found, initialize it with give conditions and Assign attributes
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Assign(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found user with `name` = `jinzhu`, update it with Assign attributes
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// user -> User{ID: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 20}

首先或创建(FirstOrCreate)

获取第一个匹配记录或在给定条件下创建一个新记录（仅适用于结构、映射条件），RowsAffected 返回创建/更新记录的计数

// User not found, create a new record with give conditions
result := db.FirstOrCreate(&user, User{Name: "non_existing"})
// INSERT INTO "users" (name) VALUES ("non_existing");
// user -> User{ID: 112, Name: "non_existing"}
// result.RowsAffected // => 1

// Found user with `name` = `jinzhu`
result := db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
// user -> User{ID: 111, Name: "jinzhu", "Age": 18}
// result.RowsAffected // => 0

如果没有找到记录，则创建具有更多属性的结构，这些 Attrs 将不会用于构建 SQL 查询

// User not found, create it with give conditions and Attrs
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'non_existing' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// INSERT INTO "users" (name, age) VALUES ("non_existing", 20);
// user -> User{ID: 112, Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found user with `name` = `jinzhu`, attributes will be ignored
db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// user -> User{ID: 111, Name: "jinzhu", Age: 18}

无论是否找到记录，都将属性分配给记录，并将它们保存回数据库。

// User not found, initialize it with give conditions and Assign attributes
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Assign(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'non_existing' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// INSERT INTO "users" (name, age) VALUES ("non_existing", 20);
// user -> User{ID: 112, Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found user with `name` = `jinzhu`, update it with Assign attributes
db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// UPDATE users SET age=20 WHERE id = 111;
// user -> User{ID: 111, Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}

优化器/索引提示

优化器提示允许控制查询优化器选择某个查询执行计划，GORM 通过 gorm.io/hints 支持它，例如：

import "gorm.io/hints"

db.Clauses(hints.New("MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(10000)")).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * /*+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(10000) */ FROM `users`

索引提示允许将索引提示传递给数据库，以防查询计划器感到困惑。

import "gorm.io/hints"

db.Clauses(hints.UseIndex("idx_user_name")).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM `users` USE INDEX (`idx_user_name`)

db.Clauses(hints.ForceIndex("idx_user_name", "idx_user_id").ForJoin()).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM `users` FORCE INDEX FOR JOIN (`idx_user_name`,`idx_user_id`)"

有关更多详细信息，请参阅优化器提示/索引/评论

迭代

GORM 支持遍历 Rows

rows, err := db.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Rows()
defer rows.Close()

for rows.Next() {
  var user User
  // ScanRows is a method of `gorm.DB`, it can be used to scan a row into a struct
  db.ScanRows(rows, &user)

  // do something
}

FindInBatches

批量查询和处理记录

// batch size 100
result := db.Where("processed = ?", false).FindInBatches(&results, 100, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
  for _, result := range results {
    // batch processing found records
  }

  tx.Save(&results)

  tx.RowsAffected // number of records in this batch

  batch // Batch 1, 2, 3

  // returns error will stop future batches
  return nil
})

result.Error // returned error
result.RowsAffected // processed records count in all batches

查询挂钩

GORM允许对查询使用AfterFind钩子，查询记录时会调用，详情参考Hooks

func (u *User) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
  if u.Role == "" {
    u.Role = "user"
  }
  return
}

采摘（Pluck）

从数据库中查询单列并扫描成一个切片，如果要查询多列，请使用 Select with Scan 代替

var ages []int64
db.Model(&users).Pluck("age", &ages)

var names []string
db.Model(&User{}).Pluck("name", &names)

db.Table("deleted_users").Pluck("name", &names)

// Distinct Pluck
db.Model(&User{}).Distinct().Pluck("Name", &names)
// SELECT DISTINCT `name` FROM `users`

// Requesting more than one column, use `Scan` or `Find` like this:
db.Select("name", "age").Scan(&users)
db.Select("name", "age").Find(&users)

范围

范围允许您指定可以作为方法调用引用的常用查询

func AmountGreaterThan1000(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return db.Where("amount > ?", 1000)
}

func PaidWithCreditCard(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return db.Where("pay_mode_sign = ?", "C")
}

func PaidWithCod(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return db.Where("pay_mode_sign = ?", "C")
}

func OrderStatus(status []string) func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
    return db.Where("status IN (?)", status)
  }
}

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCreditCard).Find(&orders)
// Find all credit card orders and amount greater than 1000

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCod).Find(&orders)
// Find all COD orders and amount greater than 1000

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, OrderStatus([]string{"paid", "shipped"})).Find(&orders)
// Find all paid, shipped orders that amount greater than 1000

结帐范围以了解详细信息

数数

获取匹配的记录数

var count int64
db.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Or("name = ?", "jinzhu 2").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(1) FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR name = 'jinzhu 2'

db.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(1) FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu'; (count)

db.Table("deleted_users").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(1) FROM deleted_users;

// Count with Distinct
db.Model(&User{}).Distinct("name").Count(&count)
// SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(`name`)) FROM `users`

db.Table("deleted_users").Select("count(distinct(name))").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(distinct(name)) FROM deleted_users

// Count with Group
users := []User{
  {Name: "name1"},
  {Name: "name2"},
  {Name: "name3"},
  {Name: "name3"},
}

db.Model(&User{}).Group("name").Count(&count)
count // => 3

文章链接

https://pgmr.cloud/gorm-advanced-query-go

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